Part 6 - Chapter 4

Chickasaws in the Indian Territory. 

The Chickasaws did not emigrate as early as they might have had they not been forced to buy land (west of the Mississippi) from the Choctaw and live under their jurisdiction. In 1837 they commenced their emigration, and by 1838 the majority of it had been concluded.1 According to a letter written from the Choctaw Agency on June 21, 1839, the first and the last parties to emigrate were "the most wealthy and educated half bloods of the nation."2 This number comprised about 550 emigrants.3 However, according to Arrel Gibson, parties of Chickasaws would continue to remove west into the 1850's.4

The circumstances that surrounded the Chickasaw Indians varied, in many instances, from that of other tribes: because their territory was the furthest west and was open to constant harassment by wild Indians; it was not until 1842, that Fort Washita was built to protect the Indian settlements.5 The Chickasaws did not understand the relationship between the Choctaw government and their own and distrusted the Choctaws. This hindered them from building schools because they were afraid to have their annuity payments combined with the that of the Choctaw's to build the schools.6

A good summary of the Chickasaw's condition was written by William Armstrong, Acting Superintendent of Indian Territory to Captain D. C. Collins on February 2, 1839.

"The time of subsisting the great body of the Chickasaws has expired. Owing to the late period at which they arrived in the Country together with the general drought and sickly season since their arrival, but few families here have been able to make corn......I am convinced that many would starve unless they are fed."7

Another letter written by the Chickasaw Chiefs expanded upon the situation of the Chickasaws both as individuals and as a Nation.

"The time has come, as our people have arrived at their new homes and are labouring to cultivate the sod. In their first settlements they request all the means they can attain to purchase farming utensils, stock, and such articles as they may require. Altho as a Nation they are wealthy having a large amount of National money,8 it is at present giving them no assistance. They have no Annuity as their other Red Brothers have. Many individuals of their Nation are wealthy but the great body are poor and but for the kindness of those brethren who had money and loaned it to some who had none, many must have suffered such as loaned money have exhausted their stock, and their own wants make them anxious to be paid such sums as they have advanced their incompetent brethren."9

What made the situation of the Chickasaws unique was that the money that the Federal Government gave to the Chickasaws for subsistence and removal was not from the public treasury but from Chickasaw tribal funds.10

Often in the initial years following their arrival in the Indian Territory, they requested from the Federal Government blacksmiths, looms, wheels, agricultural implements - axes, grubbing hoes, etc. since many were lost in moving and others were left behind.11

As early as 1838, the Chickasaw Nation requested schools.12 However, it was not until 1845 that the first school was established. This one only remained open for two years.13

The Chickasaws, as a people, did not seem to adapt to their new location as readily as did some of the other tribes. Some of the factors that contributed to their lack of ability to regain their strength was the initial debilitation from disease and starvation. In addition, the Chickasaws first settled in five widely dispersed relocation camps due to the threats from diseases. These camps eventually became semi-permanent poor settlements when supply depots were set up at each one.14

The other problem that faced the Chickasaws in the mid to late 1830's was the lack of strong leadership and the innumerable factions amid the mixed-bloods who sought to govern.15

As mentioned previously, the Chickasaws' annuity payments came from the tribal fund which had been amassed through the selling of their lands east of the Mississippi. The annuity payments per capita were large in comparison to that of the other tribes. The amount to be paid out was deemed sufficient by many Chickasaws to hinder their desire to be industrious.16

Major Ethan Allen Hitchcock explained the situation in a letter he wrote to the Honorable J. C. Spencer, Secretary of War, on April 29th, 1842.

"I respectfully invite your especial attention to the conditions of the Chickasaw Indians as exhibited to me in my late visit to that tribe.

"By the treaty of 1834 this tribe agreed to emigrate west of the Mississippi and the government of the U. S. assumed the agency of selling their lands east of the Mississippi (excepting certain specified reservation) & becoming trustee of the proceeds after paying certain expenses. Large sums of money have been received by the government and heavy expenses on account of the tribe have been paid.

"In the mean time the Indian have emigrated, and in their new country under the delusive expectations of wealth from their trust fund for money has induced a general neglect of industry and resulted in a dependence upon external resources. This has thrown the inconsiderate, far the greater portion of the tribe, into the hands of creditors who on their part having also looked to the prospective wealth of the tribe, have willingly brought them into debt.

"No annuities having been paid, the creditors are gradually stripping the thoughtless of everything which constitutes an Indian's wealth; even as was represented to me, their very rifles in some instances. Their cattle and hogs are mostly used up -they have cultivated but little corn and while they are reputed to be the most wealthy of all the southwest Indians, they are absolutely in the very worste condition, almost groveling in poverty and wretchedness."17 

Even as late as 1851, many of the Chickasaws were still relying on their annuity payments to sustain them.18 This situation did not apply to all of the Chickasaws. Once Fort Washita was constructed and problems with the Texas Indians curtailed, a portion of the Chickasaws moved into their own territory.

According to Foreman,

"In 1843 individual Chickasaw Indians had as many as 500 acres in corn, besides cotton, wheat, oats, and rye which they were able to cultivate with the labor of a large number of slaves. There were three fine cotton gins owned by Chickasaw, and a horse-mill for grinding corn owned and operated by a Chickasaw woman."19

The movement of White emigrants to Texas and the gold rush of 1849 helped to booster the economy of the Chickasaws. It also helped to give them a market for surplus produce.20 By 1847, the Indian Agent Upshaw reported that the Chickasaws were improving and producing more corn than they needed to subsist.21

Various authors evaluate the condition of the Chickasaws differently. While Arrell Gibson states that "By 1853 it appeared that the Chickasaw decline had been checked",22 Grant Foreman wrote re: 1852, "The condition of the Chickasaw people showed little improvement."23 However, prior to this statement, he described how the Chickasaw economy had improved in the 1840's.

Arrell Gibson wrote that most of the Chickasaws were engaged in agriculture while some opened roads, built bridges, operated ferries, and even built spas as cure-alls for ailments.24 Stock raising was, also, a common enterprise. They raised horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs.25

Gibson, also, stated that the movement of the Chickasaws to their designated district shored up some of the societal fragmentation that had occurred.26

The Chickasaws had never liked being a part of the Choctaws. Even though they had representation in the Choctaw government, they were a minority and did not have much influence. As early as 1851, the delegates to Washington wrote a petition stating why they desired separation from the Choctaws. The petition is historically important for it sheds some light on the societal development of the Chickasaws in Indian Territory.

"We think it proper to submit in writing some of the reasons which have influenced our people to seek separation27 from the Choctaws -

"To appreciate the situation of the Chickasaws, it must be borne in mind, they are only about one fourth as numerous as the Choctaws. By the Treaty between the two Tribes they are entitled to representation in the Choctaw Council which makes all the laws; but being in a very small minority their voice is neither felt or heard in that body; practically they have no participation in making the laws to which they are subjected; and often the laws are forced upon them to which the whole tribe is unanimously opposed. They are completely at the mercy of the Choctaws, and every Chickasaw feels that he is oppressed by them.

"The people of both tribes are entitled to the same privileges everywhere in the nation by the Treaty; but the Choctaws regard and treat the Chickasaws everywhere out of their own district as intruders, and it is frequently thrown up to them as a reproach that they have no rights in the country. This is the cause of many private difficulties, frequently ending in the death of one or more of the other parties, and the number of these are constantly increasing.

"The boundary between the Chickasaw district and the rest of the nation has never been designated. A margin about twenty miles wide from one extreme to the other is disputed - both parties claim and exercise at times jurisdiction over it. The Choctaws have repeatedly refused to enter into any fair arrangement to have it settled, but permit in exertion [?] of their laws in violation of their constitution and compact between the two peoples. This has recently created much excitement and an irritation and came near producing an open rupture between the two tribes.

"The Choctaw council appropriates money to pay all the officers of the nation, excepting those of the Chickasaw district. They force the Chickasaws to pay these. The Chickasaws having paid them a large sum to live in their country do not believe that they should in addition to that be required to contribute to the support of the Choctaw government. They are compelled now to pay two sets of officers, which makes the burden of the government fall much more heavily upon them, than upon the Choctaws. We do not believe the Chickasaws will submit to this much longer.

"The causes have estranged the two people very much -breach is widening every year. The jealousy existing between the two will perpetuate the causes which have operated in making them antagonistic until their political relations shall be changed. It is easy to describe or enumerate all the causes real and imaginary which have produced and will continue to perpetuate jealousy. The desire for separation upon some terms is universal among the Chickasaws. The impression is becoming prevalent that the existing relations between the two people cannot submit much longer in peace. The Chickasaws are dissatisfied with their present political condition. Nothing but a separation from the Choctaws will ever satisfy them. The sooner this is effected we believe the better for all parties"28

It was not until June of 1855, that the Choctaws and Chickasaws were able to dissolve the 1837 compact and form separate territories.29

In 1844 pressure from the missionaries for the establishment of local schools caused the Chickasaw leaders to draw up plans for the first school. This school was the Manual Labor Academy. It was opened in 1851.30 The act to provide for it was written in 1844.31 The school was to be funded by interest from the Chickasaw General Fund that was held by the United States government. The institution was to be placed under the control of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The instructors were to be of

"good moral character and well qualified to give instruction in any of the various branches of literature and science which may be required of them."32

The Chickasaw council also had the right to dismiss any teacher they felt was not satisfactory.33 The pupils were to consist of an equal number of males and females. Of these one tenth were to be orphans, one seventh were to be selected by the superintendent, and the remainder by the trustees.34

The curriculum of the school was the following:

"In addition to the literary and scientific pursuits, the male students shall be instructed in agriculture and so far as practical in Mechanic arts, and the females in housewifery, needlework, and the various branches of domestic industry, provided, that said Superintendent shall at no time be required to receive a greater number of students then he may means to support."35

"The student while in actual attendance shall be furnished at the expense of the Institutions with comfortable and decent food, apparel, and lodging, also with medical attendance, Book, stationary and all other things necessary for their health, comfort, and advancement, in learning."36

Between 1851 and 1895, about eight Protestant Church schools were opened. Most of these remained open until shortly before statehood.37

The dress during the period of the eighteen fifties was a combination of homemade goods and store bought goods. Two oral reports attest to this conclusion. Since looms and spinning wheels did not seem to be as prevalent in the Chickasaw households as in the homes of other tribes' members, many clothes and yard goods had to be bought. In all probability, judging from information from other tribes, some Chickasaws might have manufactured some clothing from animal skins during this time period.

Elizabeth Kemp Mead, who was born in 1849 remembered her clothes as a child.

"My mother wore and made all our clothes. I had the first homespun dress in the neighborhood. It was blue and white checked. If you had a change of clothes and extra suit you were considered well off.

"A Mr. McCarthy, a refugee from Missouri, peddled underwear which he would bring in a wagon from San Antonia. It would take him a month to make the trip there and back. Everyone that was able bought from him and our other clothes were made at home."38

Dinah Lewis Frazier, a full blood Chickasaw, born in 1856, remembered a different scenario.

"Mother didn't make our clothes. We bought them from W. L. Byrd at Stonewall and Tishomingo. We paid five and ten cents per yard for calico. One dollar and fifty cents for a pair of shoes. Our blankets cost from seventy-five cents to ten dollars. We sold cars [sic cattle] from five to ten dollars per head."39

In June of 1855, the Chickasaws and Choctaws decided to separate into two distinct governing bodies. The process did not become official until 1856. In August of 1856, the Chickasaws met to close out all old business. On August 30th, 1956, the Chickasaws met and ratified their constitution.

Unfortunately, for the Chickasaw Nation that was finally an independent entity, the Civil War brought destructive and turmoil into their lives. The Chickasaws, as did the majority of the "Five Civilized Tribes" allied themselves with the Confederacy. Their association with the Confederacy began in early 1861. On May 25, 1861, the Chickasaws declared their independence from the United States and instructed Chickasaw warriors to form volunteer companies to defend their country.40

While members of the "Five Civilized Tribes" who were Confederate sympathizers fled the destruction of their homes and arrived in the Chickasaw Nation, some of the full bloods who were either neutral or Union sympathizers were forced to flee toward the North.41

The Chickasaws were, once again, faced with hardship. They had to provide for themselves and the many refugees who had fled to their territory. Also, on October 11, 1864, an important piece of legislation was proclaimed. This was the conscription act which directed that all able-bodied free male citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five who were not fighting be conscripted.42

On May 26, 1865, Lieutenant S. B. Buckner signed the convention for the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department.43 The Indians, meanwhile, had met at Camp Napoleon, on the Washita, to try to organize and band together. On May 26th, they signed a compact to try to safe-guard the interests of their race.44

A Grand Council was called for June 10th to take place at Armstrong Academy.

"The integrity of Indian Territory was to be a sine qua non and, to maintain that integrity, all nations in alliance with the Federal Government or hostile to the contracting powers were to be invited to join the Indian confederacy conceived at Camp Napoleon."45

Representatives of the Federal Government had hoped to arrange truces with the Indians as a unit at the Grand Council. However, when they arrived, the Council had already dispersed. Thus, they were forced to make treaties with the individual tribes.46

On April 28, 1866, a Choctaw and Chickasaw delegation met in Washington with United States Commissioners to work out a joint peace treaty which was to address, among other things, the freeing of their slaves and the provisions for them as freedmen. The treaty, also, provided for the railroad to cross their districts.47

The devastation to the Chickasaw Nation was great even though it had seen little combat directly. As with all the other nations, it was in a state of ruin. The loss of slaves had a huge financial effect upon the nation. The Chickasaw government had few funds; the schools had been closed at the outbreak of the war as had been the courts.

The United States resumed annuity payments in 1867 which allowed the Chickasaws to open the schools. Eleven were opened that year.48 At the Convention at Camp Harris on August 16, 1867, some of the issues addressed education in the Chickasaw Nation.

Public Education -

"Section 1. A general diffusion of Knowledge being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of this Nation to make suitable provisions for the support and maintenance of Public Schools.

"Sec. 2. A Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be elected by joint vote of both Houses of the Legislature, who shall keep his office at the seat of government, and shall hold his office for the term of four years from the date of his election, whose duties shall be prescribed by law, and shall receive such compensation as the Legislature may direct.

"Sec. 3. The Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improvement, and such other means as shall inviolably appropriated to the support of general education throughout this Nation.

"Sec.4 All contracts which may be made and entered into between the Board of Trustees of Public Schools, and that of the Teachers shall be binding; subject, however, to the approval or disapproval of the Legislature."49

The legislature of 1876 increased the number of elementary schools to twenty-three; four seminaries and academies were, also, reopened for secondary level studies. These were supported by secular funds.50

The legislature, also enacted many laws to regulate the activities in their Nation. Some of these acts included:

  • An Act in Relation to Ardent Spirits,
  • An Act to protect citizens in their own habitations,
  • An act in Relation to Arson,
  • An act to prohibit criminals from carrying arms,
  • An act against burning the woods and prairies,
  • An act prohibiting ball-playing and horse racing on the sabbath,
  • An act to establish Neighborhood schools which included the statement that "No one teacher shall be allowed to take charge of more than thirty scholars,"
  • An act to prohibit poligamy,
  • An act to punish persons decoying scholars from school, Etc.51

The railroads and the desire by outside businesses for Chickasaw lands was to continue to mold the lifestyles, habits, and outlook of many Chickasaws. Some of the mixed bloods were receptive to these changes and tried to manipulate their government to "aid, legalize, and abet the invasion of the economic thrust."52

Non-citizens were allowed to reside on Chickasaw land if they purchased a permit. Citizens were able to select unoccupied land, use it for agricultural purposes, ranching functions, or even erect townsites on it. They, then, could arrange for the non-citizens to reside on their land through the permit system. Many towns were formed along the railroad line by citizens as well as were large agricultural spreads.53

A wealthy class of Chickasaws emerged who used labor of the permit holding non-citizen or the freed slaves. Besides agriculture and ranching, other areas of industry included quarrying for building stone and logging the walnut trees for furniture manufacture outside the Chickasaw Nation.54

A problem that faced the Chickasaw Nation beginning with the reconstruction period was the situation caused by the freeing of the slaves. The Chickasaws refused to admit them as citizens and petitioned the Federal Government to remove them as stated in the treaty stipulations. However, the Federal Government remained mute to the plea. The problem was further complicated by influxes of lawless freed slaves from Texas and other southern states.55

There are few personal narratives or reminiscences about life in the Chickasaw district after the Civil War. In the Indian-Pioneer Papers, which have been widely cited as related to dress in the latter part of the nineteenth century, there are few descriptions of Chickasaw dress. At least half of these description involve the ball play or a dance.

Sam Mahardy who was born in Tishomingo County in 1867 stated:

"I can remember my first suit of clothes. It was bought in 1887. Until then I wore jeans which my mother bought by the yard and made into clothes. She paid about thirty or forty cents per yard for it. She knitted our socks. She helped a neighbor sheer his sheep for wool which she spun into yarn and knitted into socks."56

Belle Quigley, born 1881, whose mother was Chickasaw, remembered:

"Father went to Denison once a year with several wagon loads of cotton. he returned with a year's supply of sugar, salt, coffee, and clothes.

"I wore red-top boots with brass toes. I got one pair of these a year, and when I grew out of them I went barefooted. Mother knitted yarn socks to wear under the boots.57" 

George L. Nail was a fullblood Chickasaw who was born in 1881.

"The clothing people wore then wasn't so different as you might think. It was chosen for its ability to stand lots of wear, and it was usually rough and comfortable. Most of the Indians and cattlemen then wore a sort of cowboy garb; big hats, cowboy boots, shirts of wool or cotton or calico, trousers tucked into boots. This outfit could be varied as to color and quality to suit the tastes and pocketbook of the wearer. Looking back, I can see some of the men's styles were sort of funny; some of the white men, when they wanted to dress up, wore high, stiff collars, string ties, trousers with tight legs. And some wore high button shoes."58

Paul Burney was a fullblood Chickasaw who was born in 1886. From 1879-1880 his father was Governor of the Chickasaw Nation. He remembered:

"As for stomp dances, I never saw but one in my life.....The Chickasaws were in civilian clothes, in fact, my people always wore their civilian clothes."59

Two descriptions of everyday dress stemmed from non-Indians who came into the Chickasaw District in 1899. Alger Melton remembered:

"The styles of clothing were high heeled boots, big hats, red handkerchiefs, and they wore their blankets around them."60

J. R. Farley came from Louisiana. He remembered:

"There were lots of Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians around Wayne, but they never did cause any trouble, they were like anyone else. I have seen them in their every-day walk of life in the summer time with nothing on but their breech clouts and blankets."61

More people recalled Chickasaw dances and ball games than did those from the other nations. Whether these activities were just random, a performance for non-whites, or an expression of a cultural pattern will be interpreted differently by various historians. All these informants were non-Indian:

"I also saw lots of Indian ball games in those days. The Indians would beg coffee, sugar, lard, and meat to feed the ball players. They wore tight clothes and all wore feathers in their caps. Each one would wear an animal tail pinned onto himself, and was called by the name of the animal whose tail he wore."62

"The women wore terrapin shells with pebbles in them, buckled around their ankles, and these rattled as they danced."63

"The five civilized tribes used to hold a stomp dance annually on the fourth of August, at Flatrock east of Tulsa..... the women wore bells on their arms and ribbons on their skirts."64

As did the other tribes in the Indian territory, the Chickasaws, tried to counter the Federal Government's many attempts to rob them of their individual sovereignty. They fought the Government's effort: to have them grant large right of ways for the railroad; to force them to adopt their former slaves into the tribe; and to organize a unified government for the Territory.65

As with the other tribes, although happening at a later date, Chickasaw political party affiliation split between the full-bloods who wanted to return to the old traditions and a society devoid of Whites or non-citizens and the Mixed-bloods who championed economic development and its ramifications. The full-bloods backed the National Party while the mixed-bloods backed the Progressive party. Until statehood, candidates from both parties served in the office of governor.66

As has probably been obvious, all the chapters on the Chickasaw have been relatively short. This is because the Chickasaws, whether by choice or chance, have generally lived (other than at first contact when the Cherokees seemed to have been territorially more secluded) more geographically isolated lives, especially from English speaking persons, than have members of the other "Five Civilized Tribes".

Even though narratives in both Spanish and English have been sought from all types of repositories, little information on the Chickasaws as an entity unto themselves has been unearthed.

In addition, from removal to 1855, many travelers and others who kept diaries and wrote articles about the Indians of the Territory, did not differentiate between the Chickasaws and the Choctaws.  


1. Grant Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes, p. 100.

2. National Archives Microfilm, 234, roll 137, letter from William Armstrong to Hartley Crawford.

3. Ibid.

4. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 216.

5. Grant Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes, p. 134.

6. Ibid.,  p. 121.

7. National Archives Microfilm, Group 234, roll 137, letter from William Armstrong to D. C. Collins, Feb.2, 1839.

8. Punctuation added where necessary.

9. National Archives Microfilm, group 234, roll 137, letter to President Van Buren from Headmen, etc. from the Chickasaw Nation after the Council of February 14, 1939.

10. Arrell M. Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 194.

11. National Archives Microfilm, group 234, roll 137, letter of Feb. 1, 1838 signed by many chiefs, March 18, 1839 etc.

12. National Archives Microfilm, group 234, roll 137.Letter from William Armstrong to Hartley Crawford, December 5, 1838.

13. Grant Foreman Collection, box 11, folder 11, "Protestant Church Schools Among the Five Civilized Tribes. Thomas Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK.

14. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 216.

15. Ibid., p. 217.

16. Ibid., p. 218.

17. Grant Foreman, editor and annotator of A Traveler in Indian Territory, The Journal of Ethan Allen Hitchcock.... p. 259.

18. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 224.

19. Grant Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes, p. 106.

20. Ibid., pp. 111-112.

21. Ibid., p. 113.

22. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 225.

23. Grant Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes, p. 119,

24. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 226.

25. Ibid., p. 227.

26. Ibid., p. 229.

27. Spelling and punctuation have been corrected.

28. Grant Foreman Collection, box 22, folder 23, pp. 610-612. Letter from W. Colbert, S. Folsom, and J. Frazier. 4th delegations proceedings, Washington City, April 26, 1851. Thomas Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK.

29. Arrel Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 255.

30.Ibid.,  p. 235.

31. Grant Foreman Collection, box 22, folder 36. Thomas Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK.

32. Ibid.,   p. 447.

33. Ibid., pp. 446-447.

34. Ibid., pp. 447-448.

35. Ibid., 448.

36. Ibid., p. 448.

37. Grant Foreman Collection, "Protestant Church Schools Among the Five Civilized Tribes," box 11, folder 11, Thomas Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK.

38. Indian-Pioneer Papers, volume 7, p. 167.

39. Indian-Pioneer Papers, volume 3, p. 384.

40. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, pp. 263-264..

41. Ibid., p. 269.

42. Ibid., p. 271.

43. Annie Heloise Abel, The American Indian and the End of the Confederacy, p. 137.

44. Ibid., p. 140.

45. Ibid., p. 142.

46. Ibid., p. 147.

47. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, pp. 275-278.

48. Ibid., p. 280.

49. Davis A. Homer, Constitution and Laws of the Chickasaw Nation Together with the Treaties of 1832..........pp. 20-21.

50. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, pp. 280-281.

51. Davis A. Homer, Constitution and Laws of the Chickasaw Nation Together with the Treaties of 1832..........pp. 51-125.

52. Arrel Gibson, The Chickasaws, p. 283.

53. Ibid., pp. 285-286.

54. Ibid., p. 287.

55. Ibid., p. 291.

56. Indian-Pioneer Papers, volume 33, p. 545.

57. Ibid., volume 19, p. 460.

58. Ibid., volume 70, p. 11.

59. Ibid., volume 66, pp. 484-485.

60. Ibid., volume 76, p. 168.

61. Ibid., volume 91, p. 217.

62. Ibid., volume 17, p. 426.

63. Ibid., volume 60, p. 419.

64. Ibid., volume 43, p. 120.

65. Arrell Gibson, The Chickasaws, pp. 294-295.

66. Ibid., pp. 298-299.